Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 42(3): May 2016 CONCLUSIONS Oak and maple trunk diameter and tree height growth in the five growing seasons aſter planting were not impacted by rotating trees 180 degrees from their orientation in the nursery. Rotating trees 180 degrees at planting also had little impact on anchor- age for either taxa the first three years aſter planting. Root pruning by mechanically shaving the periph- ery of the root ball as 12 L containers were shiſted to 51 L containers reduced occurrence of root defects at the 12 L container position on finished 51 L nurs- ery stock of both taxa (Gilman et al. 2010b) without impacting trunk or height growth (one to five grow- ing seasons) or tree anchorage (one to three grow- ing seasons) aſter planting into the landscape. Root pruning in the nursery improved oak anchorage only in the second growing season aſter landscape planting (not in the first or third). Oak (not maple) roots measured in the top 12 cm of soil grew substan- tially more in the five growing seasons aſter land- scape planting from the side of the container that faced south in the nursery than from the side fac- ing the north, but only on trees rotated 180 degrees at planting from their orientation in the nursery. Acknowledgments. Thanks to innumerable nurseries in Florida, U.S., for provided financial support for this research. LITERATURE CITED American Association of Nurserymen. 2014. American standards for nursery stock. ANSI Z60.1-2004. American Association of Nurserymen, Washington D.C., U.S. Arnold, M.A. 1996. Mechanical correction and chemical avoidance of circling roots differentially affect post-transplant root regener- ation and field establishment of container-grown Shumard oak. Journal American Society Horticultural Science 121:258–263. Burdett, A.N. 1978. Control of root morphogenesis for improved mechanical stability in container-grown lodgepole pine. Cana- dian Journal Forest Research 8:483-486. Chapman, K.A., and S.J. Colombo. 2006. Early root morphology of jack pine seedlings grown in different types of container. Scan- dinavian Journal Forestry Science 21:372–370. Coutts, M.P., C.C.N. Nielson, and B.C. Nicoll. 1999. The develop- ment of symmetry, rigidity, and anchorage in the structural root system of conifers. Plant and Soil 217:1–15. Danjon F., T. Fourcaud, and D. Bert. 2005. Root architecture and wind-firmness of mature Pinus pinaster. New Phytology 168:387–400. Fare, D. 2005. Should potting depth be a concern for container trees? Proceedings of Trees and planting: Getting the roots right conference. 10 November 2005. The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, U.S. 167 Fourcaud, T., J. Ji, Z. Zhang, and A. Stokes. 2007. Understanding the impact of root morphology on overturning mechanisms: A modeling approach. Annals of Botany 100:1093. Giblin C., J. Gillman, D. Hanson, G. Johnson, and P. Weicherding. 2005. The effects of soil depth on the long-term health and fre- quency off storm damage to trees in the upper midwest. Pro- ceedings of Trees and Planting: Getting the Roots Right. 10 November 2005. The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, U.S. Gilman, E.F., and C. Harchick. 2008. Planting depth in containers affects root form and tree quality. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 26:129–134. Gilman, E.F., and C. Harchick. 2014. Root system morphology influences lateral stability of Swietenia mahagoni. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 40:27–35. Gilman, E.F., and C. Wiese. 2012. Root pruning at planting and planting depth in the nursery impact root system morphology and anchorage. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38:229–236. Gilman, E.F., and F. Masters. 2010. Effect of tree size, root pruning and production method on root growth and lateral stability of Quercus virginiana. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36: 281–291. Gilman, E.F., and M. Paz. 2014. Root system morphology influ- enced by container design, retention time, and root pruning. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 40:16–26. Gilman, E.F., and R.J. Beeson. 1995. Copper hydroxide affects root distribution of Ilex cassine in plastic containers. HortTechnol- ogy 5:48–49. Gilman, E.F., C. Harchick, and M. Paz. 2010a. Effect of container type on root form and growth of red maple Journal Environ- mental Horticulture 28:1–7. Gilman, E.F., J. Miesbauer, C. Harchick, and R.C. Beeson. 2013. Impact of tree size at planting, mulch, and irrigation on Acer rubrum L. growth and anchorage. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 39:173–181. Gilman, E.F., M. Paz, and C. Harchick. 2010b. Root ball shaving improves root systems on seven species in containers. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 28:13–18. Gilman, E.F., M. Paz, and C. Harchick. 2016. Effect of eight contain- er types and root pruning during nursery production on root architecture of Acer rubrum. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 42(1):31–45. Gilman, E.F., M. Paz, D. Meador, and P. Fischer. 2012. Propaga- tion container type, time in pot, and roots pruning affect root development of young Acer rubrum. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 30:150–160. Halter, M.R., C.P. Chanway, and G.J. Harper. 1993. Growth reduc- tion and root deformation of containerized lodgepole pine saplings 11 years aſter planting. Forest Ecology Management 56:131–146. Harris, J.R., and E.F. Gilman. 1991. Production system affects growth and root regeneration of Leyland cypress, laurel oak, and slash pine. Journal of Arboriculture 17:64–69. Hayfa, K., A. Stokes, F. Danjon, K. Gouskou, and F. Lagane. 2007. Is it possible to manipulate root anchorage in young trees? Plant and Soil 294:87–102. Impacts on trees, symptomology, and prevention. University of Minnesota. ©2016 International Society of Arboriculture
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