172 and fall at 6.53 kg•m3 Garcia-Chance et al.: Differential Environments Influence Initial Transplant Establishment and grown in full sun in a gravel-bottom nursery in College Station, Texas, (lat. 30°37’45”N, long. 96°20’34”W). When all container sizes were obtained in June 2013 (Table 2), six trees of each container size for each species (90 total) were randomly selected and transplanted into field conditions in both College Station, Texas, and Starkville, Mississippi, (33°27’25.2”N, 88°47’45.0”W) using the methods of Watson and Himelick (2013). The remaining six trees were used to garner end of nursery production data. College Station, Texas Trees were transplanted to field plots 13–17 June 2013 in a completely randomized design with each species being a separate but concur- rent experiment in adjacent plots. Spacings were 6 m in a row and 7.3 m between rows, with a total of four rows for each species. Soil was a sandy clay loam (66% sand, 8% silt, 26% clay, 6.0 pH). No fertilizer was applied aſter planting. For the College Station location, under each tree, two Dan PC Jet spray stakes with a 18.9 L per hour flow (NaanDanJain Irrigation, Inc., Pasco, Washington, U.S.) were connected to a Types 1 & 2 shade trees 12 inch 2 feet 3 feet 4 feet 5 feet 6 feet 8 feet/¾ inch 1 inch 1¼ inches 1¾ inches 2 inches 2½ inches (height/caliper) 4 feet 6 feet 6 feet 7 feet 8 feet/1¼ inch 1½ inch 2 inches 2½ inches 3 inches 3½ inches 4 inches 5 inches polyethylene round tubing irrigation system (The Toro Company, El Cajon, California, U.S.). Spray stakes were placed near the trunk and positioned outward with a 1.5 m spray radius. Five separate irrigation systems were installed for each species (15 total), in order to permit differential irriga- tion timing and quantity for each container size. Irrigation was conducted on a species by species and container-size by container-size (within spe- cies) basis, according to soil moisture levels deter- mined using 30.5 cm soil moisture tensiometers (Spectrum Technologies, Inc., Aurora, Illinois, U.S.) installed at the edge of the root ball of one specimen of each container size of each species at a depth of 28.5 cm. Water was applied when tensiometers indicated a -20 kPa (a soil mois- ture tension determined to equate with incipient wilting) until it returned to >-1 kPa of tension. Starkville, Mississippi Trees were obtained from College Station, Texas, in early June 2013 and transported to Starkville using a flatbed trailer and truck bed. All trees were covered with polyurethane tarps and secured using rope and cinch straps. Table 1. ANSI Z60.1 container class standards by height and caliper. The standards are published in Imperial units; conver- sions to SI: 1 inch = 2.54 cm, 1 foot = 0.305 m. Types 3 & 4 small, upright, and spreading trees Minimum plant size Maximum plant size Minimum plant size Maximum plant size (height/caliper) (height/caliper) 12 inches 18 inches 2½ feet 4 feet 5 feet 6 feet/¾ inch 1 inch 1¼ inches 1½ inches 2 inches 2½ inches 3 inches (height/caliper) 3 feet 4 feet 6 feet/1 inch 7 feet/1¼ inches 1½ inches 1¾ inches 2 inches 2½ inches 3 inches 3½ inches 4 inches 5 inches Shrub form and multi-stem trees Minimum plant Maximum plant size (height) N/A N/A 2 feet 3 feet 4 feet 5 feet 6 feet 7 feet 8 feet 10 feet 12 feet 14 feet size (height) N/A N/A 5 feet 6 feet 7 feet 8 feet 10 feet 12 feet 14 feet 16 feet 18 feet 20 feet Container class (#) 1 2 3 5 7 10 15 20 25 45 65 95/100 Table 2. Transplant height and trunk diameter sizes of Acer rubrum var. drummondii ‘Maroon’, Vitex agnus-castus, and Taxodium distichum at the end of container nursery production prior to transplant to the field sites for in-ground testing. Container size (#) 1 3 7 25 45 Acer rubrum Mean trunk Mean diameter (cm) – 0.9 ± 0.1z 1.7 ± 0.2 4.1 ± 0.1 5.5 ± 0.3 height (cm) – 114.3 ± 10.9z 188.0 ± 15.6 348.5 ± 20.6 411.7 ± 22.5 Taxodium distichum Mean trunk diameter (cm) 0.4 ± 0.1z 0.8 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0.1 3.3 ± 0.2 4.6 ± 0.3 Vitex agnus-castus Mean height (cm) 37.0 ± 6.1z 52.2 ± 5.0 105.3 ± 6.5 194.2 ± 8.2 245.5 ± 8.1 z Values within a column represent the mean of six observations ± standard errors; dash (–) = could not be estimated. Mean canopy Mean spread (cm) 55.5 ± 9.8z 73.2 ± 4.0 119.0 ± 9.5 224.7 ± 19.6 274.5 ± 33.2 height cm) 54.7 ± 7.9z 76.8 ± 8.1 135.5 ± 23.4 200.8 ± 14.5 266.2 ± 19.6 ©2016 International Society of Arboriculture
May 2016
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