Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 47(4): July 2021 growth equations to species of similar allometric types growing in comparable climate regions may be achieved, especially in cities without available tree inventories. Such information can be applied to better estimating the likely growth of urban trees in differ- ent growing sites and the ecosystem services derived from them. In that, it may help to make provision for suitable above- and belowground growing space for urban trees and address conflicts with the placement of buildings from the beginning. In the long term, the measurement of urban tree functions, structure, and growth in other climate regions and for other species is strongly recommended for accurate modeling of ecosystem services or for a realistic calculation of space requirements. Further research needs to pro- vide allometric relationships also for additional spe- cies in this climate zone and other urban tree species in different climate zones, as well as for other plant- ing types, such as private gardens, to have an accurate estimation of the urban tree stock in cities. Also, den- drochronological studies are necessary to derive the true age of urban tree species, which avoids the appli- cation of age-equations inducing a certain error. Only with a correct estimation of the tree stock can model- ing studies provide an adequate overview of the eco- system service provision of urban trees, which can be used to plan for sustainable cities. LITERATURE CITED Akbari H, Pomerantz M, Taha H. 2001. Cool surfaces and shade trees to reduce energy use and improve air quality in urban areas. Solar Energy. 70(3):295-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0038-092X(00)00089-X Bates D, Mächler M, Bolker B, Walker S. 2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. 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Urban 163 Forestry & Urban Greening. 7(3):207-217. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ufug.2008.02.004 Dahlhausen J, Biber P, Rötzer T, Uhl E, Pretzsch H. 2016. Tree species and their space requirements in six urban environments worldwide. Forests. 7(6):111. https://doi.org/10.3390/f7060111 Davies ZG, Edmondson JL, Heinemeyer A, Leake JR, Gaston KJ. 2011. Mapping an urban ecosystem service: Quantifying above-ground carbon storage at a citywide scale. Journal of Applied Ecology. 48(5):1125-1134. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1365-2664.2011.02021.x Day SD, Bassuk NL, van Es H. 1995. Effects of four compaction remediation methods for landscape trees on soil aeration, mechanical impedance and tree establishment. Journal of Arboriculture. 22:144-150. Day SD, Wiseman PE, Dickinson SB, Harris JR. 2010. Contem- porary concepts of root system architecture of urban trees. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 4(36):149-157. DWD. 2018. Deutscher Wetterdienst (German Weather Service). https://www.dwd.de/EN/Home/home_node.html Dwyer JF. 2009. How old is that tree? Illinois Trees. 24(6):13. Escobedo FJ, Kroeger T, Wagner JE. 2011. Urban forests and pollution mitigation: Analyzing ecosystem services and dis- services. Environmental Pollution. 159(8-9):2078-2087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.010 ESRI. 2019. ArcGIS Desktop. Release 10.7.1. Redlands (CA, USA): Environmental Systems Research Institute. Gómez-Baggethun E, Barton DN. 2013. Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning. Ecological Economics. 86:235-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.08.019 Grabosky J, Bassuk NL. 1995. A new urban tree soil to safely increase rooting volumes under sidewalks. Journal of Arbo- riculture. 21:187-201. i-Tree. 2019. [Accessed 2019 July]. https://www.itreetools.org Jiddu A. 2016. Circle plots with GGPLOT2. http://www .jiddualexander.com/blog/circle-plot Kjelgren RK, Clark J. 1992. Microclimates and tree growth in tree urban spaces. Journal of Environmental Horticulture. 10(3):139-145. https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-10.3.139 Kolokotsa D, Psomas A, Karapidakis E. 2009. Urban heat island in southern Europe: The case study of Hania, Crete. Solar Energy. 83(10):1871-1883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener .2009.06.018 Konarska J, Uddling J, Holmer B, Lutz M, Lindberg F, Pleijel H, Thorsson S. 2016. Transpiration of urban trees and its cooling effect in a high latitude city. International Journal of Biometeorology. 60(1):159-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00484-015-1014-x Larsen FK, Kristoffersen P. 2002. Tilia’s physical dimensions over time. Journal of Arboriculture. 28(5):209-214. Liu C, Li X. 2012. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban forests in Shenyang, China. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 11(2):121-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2011.03.002 Lukaszkiewicz J, Kosmala M. 2008. Determining the age of streetside trees with diameter at breast height-based multifac- torial model. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 34(3):137-143. McHale MR, Burke IC, Lefsky MA, Peper PJ, McPherson EG. 2009. Urban forest biomass estimates: Is it important to use allometric relationships developed specifically for urban ©2021 International Society of Arboriculture
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