Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 47(4): July 2021 spruce under extreme drought. Forest Ecology and Manage- ment. 406:184-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.09.070 Rötzer T, Häckel H, Würländer R. 1997. Agrar- und Umweltkli- matologischer Atlas von Bayern (1961-1990): 1 CD-ROM, Datenverzeichnis (13 S.), Zolling: Deutscher Wetterdienst, Weihenstephan. ISBN 3-88148-334-9. Rötzer T, Rahman MA, Moser-Reischl A, Pauleit S, Pretzsch H. 2019. Process based simulation of tree growth and ecosystem services of urban trees under present and future climate con- ditions. Science of the Total Environment. 676:651-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.235 Rötzer T, Seifert T, Pretzsch H. 2009. Modelling above and below ground carbon dynamics in a mixed beech and spruce stand influenced by climate. European Journal of Forestry Research. 128:171-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-008-0213-y Roy S, Byrne JA, Pickering C. 2012. A systematic quantitative review of urban tree benefits, costs, and assessment methods across cities in different climatic zones. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 11(4):351-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .ufug.2012.06.006 Rust S. 2014. Analysis of regional variation of height growth and slenderness in populations of six urban tree species using a quantile regression approach. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 13(2):336-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013 .12.003 Sæbø A, Popek R, Nawrot B, Hanslin HM, Gawronska H, Gaw- ronski SW. 2012. Plant species differences in particulate matter accumulation on leaf surfaces. Science of the Total Environment. 427-428:347-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012 .03.084 Sanders J, Grabosky J, Cowie P. 2013. Establishing maximum size expectations for urban trees with regard to designed space. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 39(2):68-73. Sanders JR, Grabosky JC. 2014. 20 years later: Does reduced soil area change overall tree growth? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 13(2):295-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013 .12.006 Semenzato P, Cattaneo D, Dainese M. 2011. Growth prediction for five tree species in an Italian urban forest. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 10(3):169-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .ufug.2011.05.001 Stoffberg GH, van Rooyen MW, van der Linde MJ, Groeneveld HT. 2008. Predicting the growth in tree height and crown size of three street tree species in the City of Tshwane, South Africa. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 7(4):259-264. https://doi .org/10.1016/j.ufug.2008.05.002 Tran H, Uchihama D, Ochi S, Yasuoka Y. 2006. Assessment with satellite data of the urban heat island effects in Asian mega cities. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 8(1):34-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2005 .05.003 Vaz Monteiro M, Levanic T, Doick KJ. 2017. Growth rates of common urban trees in five cities in Great Britain: A dendro- chronological evaluation with an emphasis on the impact of climate. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 22:11-23. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.01.003 Villarreal EL, Bengtsson L. 2005. Response of a Sedum green-roof to individual rain events. Ecological Engineering. 25(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2004.11.008 165 Ward K, Lauf S, Kleinschmit B, Endlicher W. 2016. Heat waves and urban heat islands in Europe: A review of relevant drivers. Science of the Total Environment. 569-570:527-539. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.119 Whitlow TH, Bassuk NL. 1986. Trees in difficult sites. Journal of Arboriculture. 13(1):10-17. Xiao Q, McPherson EG, Ustin SL, Grismer ME. 2000. A new approach to modeling tree rainfall interception. Journal of Geophysical Research. 105(D23):29173-29188. https://doi .org/10.1029/2000JD900343 Zhou D, Zhao S, Liu S, Zhang L, Zhu C. 2014. Surface urban heat island in China’s 32 major cities: Spatial patterns and drivers. Remote Sensing of Environment. 152:51-61. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.05.017 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank the Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection for funding the projects TUF01UF-64971 “Urban trees under climate change: Growth, functions and ser- vices, and perspectives” and TKP01KPB-71924 “Climate expe- rience Würzburg: Influence of trees on the micro climate of the city of Würzburg” of the Centre for Urban Ecology and Climate Adaptation (ZSK).We also would like to thank the responsible municipal authorities of Munich, Würzburg, Hof, Kempten, Bayreuth, and Nuremberg, who supported the study and permit- ted tree sampling. We further would like to express our gratitude to many student helpers for their help in data collection. Dr. Astrid Moser-Reischl (corresponding author) Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science Technical University of Munich Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2 85354 Freising, Germany +49-8161-715409
[email protected] Prof. Dr. Thomas Rötzer Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science Technical University of Munich Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2 85354 Freising, Germany +49-8161-714667
[email protected] Prof. Dr. Stephan Pauleit Chair for Strategic Landscape Planning and Management Technical University of Munich Emil-Ramann-Str. 6 85354 Freising, Germany +49-8161-714780
[email protected] Prof. Dr. Dr. Hans Pretzsch Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science Technical University of Munich Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2 85354 Freising, Germany +49-8161-714711
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