46 Weicherding et al.: Mechanical Root-Disruption Practices species in this study. In conclusion, there does not appear to be any inherent advantage in mechanically disrupting the roots of pot-bound, container-grown trees using the methods described in this study if the objective is to increase the number of vertically distributed woody roots in pot-bound, container-grown trees. The standard recommendation of mechanically disrupting roots of pot-bound, container-grown trees at planting time should not necessarily be abandoned based on the results of this research. More research needs to be done using different species of trees, trees grown for longer periods of time, or other possible factors before we can validate or refute the recommendation of these practices. For example, maybe there is a difference between mechanical disruption methods for pot-bound, container-grown trees with encircling roots less than 5 mm (0.20 in) diameter versus trees with encircling roots greater than 5 mm (0.20 in) diameter. Answers to ques- tions like this will help to establish research-based recom- mendations for the proper handling of pot-bound, container- grown trees in the landscape. Acknowledgments. This research was funded in part by grants from the Minnesota Nursery and Landscape Association Foundation and the Minnesota Turf and Grounds Foundation. The authors express their gratitude to Bailey Nurseries, Inc. for donating some of the trees used in this study. LITERATURE CITED Appleton, B.L. 1993. Nursery production alternatives for re- duction or elimination of circling tree roots. Journal of Arboriculture 19:383–388. ———. 1994. Elimination of circling tree roots during nursery production, pp. 93–97. In Landscape Below Ground. Wat- son, G.W., and D. Neely, Eds. Int’l. Soc. Arboric. Savoy, IL. Arnold, M.A. 1996. Mechanical correction and chemical avoidance of circling roots differentially affect post- transplant root regeneration and field establishment of container-grown Shumard oak. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121:258–263. Blessing, S.C., and M.N. Dana. 1987. Post-transplant root system expansion in Juniperus chinensis L. as influenced by production system, mechanical root disruption and soil type. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 5:155–158. Costello, L., and J.L. Paul. 1975. Moisture relations in trans- planted container plants. HortScience 10:371–372. Dana, M.N., and S.C. Blessing. 1994. Post-transplant root growth and water relations of Thuja occidentalis from field and containers, pp. 98–112. In Landscape Below Ground. Watson, G.W., and D. Neely, Eds. Int’l. Soc. Arboric. Savoy, IL. Ellyard, R.K. 1984. Effect of root pruning at time of planting on subsequent root development of two species of euca- lyptus. Journal of Arboriculture 10:214–216. ©2007 International Society of Arboriculture Feucht, J.R., and J.D. Butler. 1988. Landscape Management. Van Nostrand. New York. Flemer, W. 1980. Nursery production of trees in containers. METRIA Proc. 3:15–23. ———. 1982. Successful transplanting is easy. American Nurseryman 145:43–55. Gilman, E.F., T.H. Yeager, and D. Weigle. 1996. Fertilizer, irrigation and root ball slicing affects Burford holly growth after planting. Journal of Environmental Horticul- ture 14:105–110. Gouin, F.R. 1983. Girdling by roots and ropes. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 1:48–50. ———. 1984. Updating landscape specifications. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 2:98–101. Harris, R.W., J.R. Clark, and N.P. Matheny. 2004. Arbori- culture: Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Holmes, F.W. 1984. Effects on maples of prolonged exposure by artificial girdling roots. Journal of Arboriculture 10: 40–44. Ingram, D.L., and H. van de Werken. 1978. Effects of con- tainer media and backfill composition on the establish- ment of container-grown plants in the landscape. Hort- Science 13:583–584. Siebenthaler, J. 1993. Growing better trees for better land- scapes. Southern Nursery Digest 27:36–38. Struve, D.K. 1990. Root regeneration in transplanted decidu- ous nursery stock. HortScience 25:266–270. Struve, D.K., and B.C. Moser. 1984. Root system and root regeneration characteristics of pin and scarlet oak. Hort- Science 19:123–125. Wade, G.L., and G.E. Smith. 1985. Effect of root disturbance on establishment of container grown Ilex crenata ‘Com- pacta’ in the landscape. SNA Res. Conf. 30:110–111. Watson, G.W., and E.B. Himelik. 1997. Principles and Prac- tice of Planting Trees and Shrubs. Int’l. Soc. Arboric. Savoy, IL. Whitcomb, C.E. 1984. Container design: Problems and prog- ress, pp. 107–130. In Plant Production in Containers. La- cebark Publications, Stillwater, OK. Wright, R.D., and D.C. Milbocker. 1978. The influence of container media and transplanting technique on the estab- lishment of container grown Rhododendron cv. ‘Hershey Red’ in landscape plantings. SNA Res. Conf. 5:1–7. Patrick J. Weicherding (corresponding author) Regional Extension Educator and Professor University of Minnesota Extension Service Andover Regional Center 550 Bunker Lake Boulevard NW Andover, MN 55304, U.S.
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