52 Sydnor et al.: Economic Impact of Emerald Ash Borer Table 5. Potential losses per 1000 residents in dollars (to the nearest dollar) giving mean and median values for landscape value, tree removal costs, and replacement costsz . Landscape values Street trees Park trees Private trees Totals (median-based) 7,029 1,942 62,074 71,045 (mean-based) 16,543 25,724 258,982 301,249 1,734 51,921 60,684 Tree removal costs (median-based) 5,879 (mean-based) 13,838 22,968 216,621 253,427 838 22,307 25,671 Replacement costs (median-based) 2,526 (mean-based) 5,945 11,101 93,067 110,113 zStreet, park, and private trees are given separately as are the totals for each. Table 5 is presented primarily to enable communities to estimate potential economic impacts of emerald ash borer. The landscape value of Ohio’s park trees in communities ranges from $22 (median-adjusted) to $292 (average- adjusted) million. The landscape value of private trees in Ohio communities ranges from $705 (median-adjusted) to $2940 million (average-adjusted). In aggregate, the landscape losses range from $0.8 to $3.4 billion and represent a poten- tially staggering impact on the state. Tree removals are a real cost that likely will significantly impact Ohio communities. Unlike lost landscape values, which do not show immediately on the bank statement, tree removal costs reduce a community’s fiscal options. Table 4 details the costs of tree removal and stump removal for five ranges of plant size. Because the normalized tree dbh was 331 cm (132.4 in) and the average dbh was 34 cm (13.6 in), we use the tree removal costs for a 30 cm to 61 cm (12 to 24.4 in) tree. For street and private trees, both tree removal and stump removal costs ($675) are included because these plants are normally replaced on removal. Park trees, on average, may not require stump removal; thus, only tree removal costs ($600) are considered when calculating costs. Statewide costs for ash street tree removal range from $67 (median-adjusted) to $157 (mean-adjusted) million. Removal costs for park trees range from $20 (median-adjusted) to $261 million (mean-adjusted). Removal costs for private trees in Ohio communities range from $589 (median-adjusted) to $2,459 (mean-adjusted) million. Potential statewide removal costs, including street, park, and private trees, range from $676 (median-adjusted) to $2877 (mean-adjusted) million. Tree re- moval costs are similar to landscape values and range from $0.7 to $2.9 billion and will need to be covered in public and private budgets, because ash declines rapidly when dead and rapidly becomes unstable. Tree replacement costs are in some ways optional but most park trees, street trees, and private trees, with the exception of wooded areas, will be replaced. The state guide in Ohio sug- gests tree replacement costs. Common replacement sizes in Ohio range from 2 cm to 8 cm (3.2 in) dbh. Thus, we use a 6 cm (2.4 in) tree as a replacement for this article.A6cm(2.4 in) tree retails for $290 per tree in Ohio, including planting and a guarantee, when there are no confounding issues such as access (Sydnor et al. 2002). Costs for ash street tree re- placements range from $29 (median-adjusted) to $67 (mean- adjusted) million (Table 6). Replacement costs for park trees will range from $10 (median-adjusted) to $126 (mean- adjusted) million. Replacement costs for private trees in Ohio communities range from $253 (median-adjusted) to $1,057 (mean-adjusted) million. Total replacement costs, including street, park, and private trees, range from $292 (median- adjusted) to $1,250 (mean-adjusted) million. Tree replace- ment costs are smaller than landscape values and tree removal costs, but still range from $0.3 to $1.3 billion and will need to be covered in public and private budgets. A final appreciation for the impact of EAB can be obtained by looking at grand totals. Total costs for a median based cost, including landscape, removal, and replacement costs, are $1775 million. Using means to calculate the grand totals yields a grand total of $7,547 million as a potential loss resulting from EAB. The worst case scenario, i.e., mean- Table 6. Potential statewide losses in millions of dollars (to the nearest million) giving mean and median values for landscape value, tree removal costs, and replacement costsz . Landscape values Street trees Park trees Private trees Totals (median-based) 80 22 705 807 ©2007 International Society of Arboriculture (mean-based) 188 292 2,940 3,420 zStreet, park, and private trees are given separately as are totals. 20 589 676 Tree removal costs (median-based) 67 (mean-based) 157 261 2,459 2,877 10 253 292 Replacement costs (median-based) 29 (mean-based) 67 126 1,057 1,250
January 2007
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