62 DiTomaso and Kyser: Control of Ailanthus altissima in the late summer or fall and conduct tree removal at least 4 months later during the winter or early spring. Another ad- vantage of this technique is that less herbicide is used com- pared with the basal bark method. Like the stem injection method, basal bark treatments with imazapyr and triclopyr can also be used in situations in which immediate tree removal is not necessary. The technique is most appropriate in sites where numerous smaller stems (<10 cm [<4 in] diameter) are present but is not recommended in areas with large plants that have a thick bark. Like with the stem injection method, basal bark treatments require minimal equipment. Other studies have also shown triclopyr to be effective in a basal bark application, and this is probably a better choice when other desirable vegetation surrounds the trees or small clumps. It is necessary to use the ester formu- lation of triclopyr and the emulsifiable concentrate of imaza- pyr to get effective control of tree-of-heaven with a basal bark application. However, both of these formulations are not reg- istered for use near water, so this technique is not appropriate in areas directly adjacent to aquatic sites. Although we did directly measure the effect of cut-stem treatments on stump sprouting, we do not know what impact these treatments have on sucker sprouting from spreading roots. The effectiveness of these treatments on root sprouting would depend on the ability of the herbicide to translocate long distances. This may need to be considered in a follow-up program to ensure that the infestation does not reestablish. Acknowledgments. The authors thank Craig Stowers and Joel Trumbo at the California Department of Fish and Game, Dan Tolson at the University of California Natural Reserve System, Ron Unger at EDAW, Inc., and Rich Marovich with Putah Creek Streamkeeper for their assistance in conducting this project. LITERATURE CITED Blumstein, G.I. 1943. Sensitivity to Ailanthus pollen. The Journal of Allergy 14:329–334. Burch, P.L., and S.M. Zedaker. 2003. Removing the invasive tree Ailanthus altissima and restoring natural cover. Jour- nal of Arboriculture 29:18–24. Burrows, G.E., and R.J. Tyrl. 2001. Toxic Plants of North America. Iowa State Univ. Press. Ames, IA. Butler, E., and S. Britting. 1998. Mapping and control of weeds in the American River Parkway. Proc., California Exotic Pest Plant Council Sym. 4:60–63. Call, L.J., and E.T. Nilsen. 2005. Analysis of interactions between the invasive tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) and the native black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). Plant Ecology 176:275–285. De Feo, V., L. DeMartino, E. Quaranta, and C. Pizza. 2003. Isolation of phytotoxic compounds from tree-of-heaven ©2007 International Society of Arboriculture (Ailanthus altissima Swingle). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51:1177–1180. DiTomaso, J.M., and E.A. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Univ. California, Div. Agr. Nat. Res. Oakland, CA. DiTomaso, J.M., G.B. Kyser, and E.A. Fredrickson. 2004. Control of black oak and tanoak in the Sierra Nevada range. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 19:268–276. Duncan, K.W., and K.C. McDaniel. 1998. Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) management with imazapyr. Weed Technology, a Journal of the Weed Science Society of America 12: 337–344. Feret, P.O. 1985. Ailanthus: Variation, cultivation, and frus- tration. Journal of Arboriculture 11:361–368. Heisey, R.M. 1990. Evidence for allelopathy by tree-of- heaven (Ailanthus altissima). Journal of Chemical Ecol- ogy 16:2039–2055. ———. 1996. Identification of an allelopathic compound from Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) and character- ization of its herbicidal activity. American Journal of Botany 83:192–200. Heisey, R.M., and T.K. Heisey. 2003. Herbicidal effects un- der field conditions of Ailanthus altissima bark extract, which contains ailanthone. Plant and Soil 256:85–99. Hunter, J. 2000. Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle, pp. 32–36. In Invasive Plats of California’s Wildlands. Bossard, C.C., J.M. Randall, and M.C. Hoshovsky, Eds. Univ. of California Press. Berkeley. Kelly, M. 2001. Results of basal bark applications of Garlon 4 on Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven). Proc., Califor- nia Exotic Pest Plant Council Sym. 6:105–107. Kitz, J. 1997. A working paper on Ailanthus. Cal-EPPC News 5:9. Knapp, L.B., and C.D. Canham. 2000. Invasion of an old- growth forest in New York by Ailanthus altissima: Sap- ling growth and recruitment in canopy gaps. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 127:307–315. Kowarik, I. 1995. Clonal growth in Ailanthus altissima on a natural site in West Virginia. Journal of Vegetation Sci- ence 6:853–856. Lawrence, J.G., A. Colwell, and O.J. Sexton. 1991. The eco- logical impact of allelopathy in Ailanthus altissima (Si- maroubaceae). American Journal of Botany 78:948–958. McClintock, E. 1981. Trees of Golden Gate Park: Tree-of- heaven, Ailanthus altissima. Pacific Horticulture 42: 16–18. Merriam, R.W. 2003. The abundance, distribution and edge associations of six non-indigenous, harmful plants across North Carolina. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical So- ciety 130:283–291.
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