Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38(6): November 2012 Acknowledgments. We would like to thank Robert Bartlett Jr. and the F.A. Bartlett Tree Expert Co. for their support of this research project, and Bruce R. Fraedrich, Ph.D., Director of Research. For assistance with field research: Tyler Wright, Fred Fisher, Chris Bechtel, and Elden Leb- run, F.A. Bartlett Tree Expert Co.; Mark Hoenigman, Busy Bee Services; Mark Noark, Davey Tree Expert Co.; Dr. Jason Grabosky, Irene Donne, Josh Caplin, and Greg Dahle, Rutgers University; Alan Siewert, State of Ohio; and Luana Vargas, International Society of Arboriculture. This project was in part conducted at the Biomechanics Week, Shalers- ville, OH. We thank the organizers of that event for hosting this and other research projects, Ward Peterson Davey Tree Expert Co., John Goodfel- low, BioCompliance Consulting, and Andrew Koeser, International So- ciety of Arboriculture. LITERATURE CITED Archer, R.R. 1986. Growth Stresses and Strains in Trees. Spring-Verlag NY, New York, U.S. 240 pp. Brudi, E., and P. van Wassenaer. 2001. Trees and statics: Nondestructive failure analysis. In: E.T. Smiley and K.D. Coder (Eds.). Tree Struc- ture and Mechanics Conference Proceedings: How Trees Stand Up and Fall Down. October 2001, Savannah, GA. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. pp. 53–70. Kane, B.C.P., and H.D.P. Ryan. 2003. Examining formulas that as- sess strength loss due to decay in trees: Woundwood toughness improvement in red maple (Acer rubrum). Journal of Arboriculture 29(4):208–215. Kane, B.C.P., and H.D.P. Ryan. 2004. The accuracy of formulas used to assess strength loss due to decay in trees. Journal of Arboriculture 30:347–356. Kane, B., D. Ryan, and D.V. Bloniarz. 2001. Comparing formulae that assess strength loss due to decay in trees. Journal of Arboriculture 27(2):78–87. Kane, B., and P. Clouston. 2008. Tree pulling tests of large shade trees in the genus Acer. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34:101–109. Kretschmann, D.E. 2010. Mechanical Properties of Wood. Chapter 5 in Wood Handbook, Wood as an Engineering Material. General Techni- cal Report FPL-GTR-190. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agri- culture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Luley, C.J., and B. Kane. 2009. Sap rot: It will let you down. Arborist News 18(1):22–27. Mattheck, C., and H. Breloer. 1994. The Body Language of Trees. The Stationary Office, Norwich, UK. 239 pp. 291 Peltola, H.M. 2006. Mechanical stability of trees under static loads. American Journal of Botany 93:1501–1511. Smiley, E.T. 2008. Root pruning and stability of young willow oak. Ar- boriculture and Urban Forestry 34:123–128. Smiley, E.T., and B.R. Fraedrich. 1992. Determining strength loss from decay. Journal of Arboriculture 18(4):201–204. Smiley, E.T., N. Matheny, and S. Lilly. 2011. Best Management Practices: Tree Risk Assessment. ISA Press, Champaign, Illinois, U.S. 81 pp. Wagener, W.W. 1963. Judging Hazards from Native Trees in California Recreational Areas: A Guide for Professional Foresters. USFS Re- search Paper PSW-P1, 29 pp. Wessolly, L. 1995. Fracture diagnosis of trees—Part 1: Statics-Integrated Methods-measurement with tension test. Stadt und Grün 6:416–422. Williams, C.G., and R.A. Megraw. 1994. Juvenile-mature relationships for wood density in Pinus taeda. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24:714–722. Wilson, B.F., and R.R. Archer. 1977. Reaction wood: Induction and me- chanical action. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 28:23–43. Zhou, Y., M. Fushitani, T. Kubo, M. Ozawa. 1999. Bending creep behav- ior of wood under cyclic moisture changes. Journal of Wood Science 45:113–119. Zobel, B.J., and J. R. Sprague. 1998 . Juvenile wood in forest trees. Ber- lin; New York: Springer. E. Thomas Smiley (corresponding author) Bartlett Tree Research Lab 13768 Hamilton Rd. Charlotte, North Carolina 28278, U.S. Brian Kane University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S. Wesley R. Autio University of Massachusetts - Stockbridge School of Agriculture Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S. Liza Holmes Bartlett Tree Research Lab 13768 Hamilton Rd. Charlotte, North Carolina 28278, U.S. ©2012 International Society of Arboriculture
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