Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34(4): July 2008 Table 4. Tree plantings at Inwood Park during Fall 2004 to Fall 2005.z Species Quercus rubra Liriodendron tulipifera Celtis occidentalis Acer rubrum Quercus alba Pinus strobus Quercus prinus Acer saccharum Quercus palustris Quercus velutina Amelanchier canadensis Fraxinus americana Quercus × heterophylla Carya cordiformis Fall 2004 173 120 100 96 52 37 29 14 12 10 7 1 Number of trees Spring 2005 122 105 70 36 74 12 Carpinus caroliniana 99 Ostrya virginiana Liquidambar styraciflua Betula nigra Betula populifolia Juglans cinerea Nyssa sylvatica Carya ovata Betula lenta 174 36 30 19 15 10 57 Fall 2005 195 109 16 15 12 21 75 95 51 249 inant tree in the uplands of Cunningham Park, Queens County, New York (Lefkowitz and Greller 1973) and was the dominant tree at Dry Ridge at Inwood Park (Table 1). Lefkowitz and Greller (1973) reported that Liriodendron tulipifera, Cornus florida, Acer rubrum, Quercus velutina, and Liquidambar styra- ciflua were also common in northern Queens forests with im- portance values of 10% or higher in at least one of the five morainal areas sampled. Liriodendron also had the highest im- portance values at Moist Valley and South Slope at Inwood Park (Table 1). Stalter (1981) studied the arborescent vegetation at Alley 16 14 12 12 6 zFigure 1 maps the approximate location of tree plantings from 1991 to 2003. common at South Slope. Acer, represented by 4.7% of witness trees, is represented by 45.5% and 3.4% of trees at Moist Valley and South Slope, respectively. Castanea dentata, represented by 11.6% of witness trees, has succumbed to chestnut blight in the early 20th century. No Liriodendron were included in witness tree data, yet it is the most important taxon at Moist Valley and South Slope. Liriodendron is an invader after disturbance (Pit- tillo 2007), which may account for its 23% and 20% abundance at Moist Valley and South Slope of Inwood Park, respectively (Table 1). Quercus was the dominant tree genus in northern Queens County parks (Greller 1972, 1975). Quercus rubra was the dom- Park, New York, in 1975. The trees present at Alley Park in 1975 were compared with the tree species present at the same site on a map prepared by the WPA workers in 1936. Quercus rubra was ranked first in relative dominance in 1936 and 1975. Black oak, Quercus velutina, ranked second in relative dominance in 1936 and 1975. Black oak ranked fourth in IV in 1936 and second in 1975. Dogwood, Cornus florida, a subcanopy species, ranked second in IV in 1936 and third in 1975. The decline of dogwood in 1975 may have been the result of a crippling ice storm in December 1974 (Stalter 1981). Stalter (1981) reported that Prunus serotina and Cornus florida had the greatest number of saplings in Alley Park, 417/ha and 333/ha, respectively, whereas Q. rubra (83/ha) and Q. alba (42/ha) were less abundant. Prunus serotina saplings were also the most abundant tree species present at Dry Ridge in the cur- rent study at Inwood Park (Table 2). The data on tree species presented in Table 3 addressed Loeb’s (1982) problem with tree species identification. Oaks and maples were lumped as genera. The two genera with the greatest percent basal area at Moist Valley and South Slope were Liri- odendron and Quercus, whereas Quercus was dominant at Dry Ridge. These genera cannot be confused with other genera at Inwood Park. Tulip poplar, oaks, and maples composed over 80% of the relative dominance of all tree species at the three sites selected for study at Inwood Park (Table 1). The other tree species at Inwood Park were unimportant in 1935 and in 2005, no other tree species attained a percent basal area value greater than 7%. In 2005, nonnative saplings were unimportant at Inwood Park, with the exception of white mulberry and Norway maple at the Table 5. Species diversity and tree size at three locations in the forests of Inwood Park censused in 1935 and 2005.z 1935 Census Moist Valley South Slope Dry ridge Total Two-way ANOVA Effect Date Site Date × site Unexplained Total Results from 25 10 m × 10 m quadrats at each census. In the 1935 census, some taxa were identified only to genus (Table 1). Species number, mean dbh with SD, and maximum. The data are the upper table is analyzed by two-way ANOVA below. dbh diameter at breast height; SD standard deviation; ANOVA analysis of variance; SS sum of squares for dbh. z ©2008 International Society of Arboriculture Species 10 13 5 17 df 1 2 2 352 357 dbh (SD) maximum 36.01 (24.19) 91.4 cm 28.51 (19.02) 121.9 36.70 (23.67) 101.6 32.29 (21.72) 121.9 SS 5,388 3,836 321 231,577 243,577 Species 13 14 16 25 2005 Census dbh (SD) maximum 46.01 (32.84) 139.7 cm 38.00 (29.84) 99.0 42.25 (25.21) 125.7 41.81 (28.38) 139.7 8.19 F PR2 0.0045 2.915 0.244 0.0555 0.78 0.022 0.016 0.001 0.951
July 2008
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