266 Grabosky and Bassuk: Growth Measurement of Trees in a Load-Bearing Stone–Soil Blend Table 1. Tree diameter, height, and width at 6 and 10 years after planting.z n Tree dbh (cm) Mean ± SE 2007, Year 10 Quercus bicolor Pavement Tree lawn Quercus phellos Pavement Tree lawn Koelreuteria paniculata Pavement Tree lawn 2003, Year 6 Quercus bicolor Pavement Tree lawn Quercus phellos Pavement Tree lawn Koelreuteria paniculata Pavement Tree lawn 14 7 11 8 7 2 14 8 11 8 7 2 15.1 ± 0.6 14.9 ± 1.0 20.1 ± 1.2 22.5 ± 1.0 17.2 ± 0.6 16.8 ± 1.2 8.4 ± 0.3 8.1 ± 0.8 10.7 ± 0.1 9.7 ± 0.5 10.9 ± 0.4 10.2 ± 0.5 dbh diameter at breast height; SE standard error. K. paniculata was comparable with anecdotal landscape growth estimations of 0.31 to 0.46 m (1 to 1.5 ft) growth in height per year in a rounded form to a maximum size of 9.2 to 10.8 m (30.4 to 35.6 ft). There is general agreement in mature size for the species in the northeast U.S. region (Gerhold et al. 1993; Bassuk et al. 2003). Goldenraintrees on the test site increased in height 1.2 to 2 m (4 to 6.6 ft) in four seasons and are 55% to 65% of their expected mature size in the 10 years since planting. CONCLUSIONS After 10 years, trees growing in the paved situation (in a struc- tural soil) were growing in a manner visually comparable with trees growing in a grassy tree lawn on the same project across the street. The growth observed in both situations is comparable to species growth expectations in nonurban situations. There has been higher mortality in the tree lawn, which could be explained by maintenance and infrastructure repair activities rather than treatment differences. Acknowledgments. Many thanks to Fiona Watt, Chief of Forestry and Horticulture, City of New York Parks and Recreation, for her assistance and permissions throughout the study from the installation/design phase. We also thank the students and staff who collected data in the 1999 and 2000 visits and Greg Dahle, graduate student; Jess Sanders, graduate student; Mike Gallagher, undergraduate honors student; and Carolyn Haines, student laboratory associate for assistance in the 2007 data collection. LITERATURE CITED Bassuk, N., D.E. Curtis, B.Z. Marranca, and B. Neal. 2003. Recom- mended Urban Trees: Site Assessment and Tree Selection for Stress Tolerance. Urban Horticulture Institute, Ithaca, NY. 128 pp. Gerhold, H.D., N.L. Lacasse, and W.N. Wandell. 1993. Street Tree Factsheets. Municipal Tree Restoration Program, Penn State College of Agriculture, University Park, PA. Grabosky, J., and N. Bassuk. 1995. A new urban tree soil to safely increase rooting volumes under sidewalks. Journal of Arboriculture 21:187–201. Grabosky, J., N. Bassuk, and B.Z. Marranca. 2002. Preliminary findings from measuring street tree shoot growth in two skeletal soil installa- tions compared to tree lawn plantings. Journal of Arboriculture 28: 106–108. Quigley, M.F. 2004. Street trees and rural conspecifics: Will long-lived trees reach full size in urban conditions? Urban Ecosystems 7:29–39. Schlaegel, B.E. 1990. Quercus phellos L. In: Burns, R.M., and B.H. Honkala, tech. coords. Silvics of North America: Vol 2, 877. Hard- woods. Agriculture Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. p. 1383. Jason Grabosky (corresponding author) Associate Professor Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources Rutgers University 14 College Farm Road New Brunswick, NJ 08901, U.S.
[email protected] Nina Bassuk Professor and Program Leader Urban Horticulture Institute Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S. Median 15.0NS 14.2NS 21.4NS 22.8NS 17.1NS 16.8NS Tree height (m) Mean ± SE 5.9 ± 0.2 6.5 ± 0.4 7.2 ± 0.4 8.4 ± 0.3 5.9 ± 0.3 6.5 ± 0.1 8.8NS 8.1NS 11.4NS 9.9NS 10.7NS 10.2NS ) between treatments. Canopy width was not collected in 2003. 5.2 ± 0.2 4.8 ± 0.2 5.6 ± 0.2 5.3 ± 0.1 4.7 ± 0.1 4.3 ± 0.2 Median 6.1NS 6.4NS 7.7NS 8.1NS 5.4NS 6.5NS Canopy width (m) Mean ± SE 5.1 ± 0.3 4.3 ± 0.4 6.0 ± 0.4 5.9 ± 0.3 6.7 ± 0.3 6.5 ± 0.5 5.3NS 4.9NS 5.6NS 5.3NS 4.7NS 4.3NS zMeans and standard errors are listed to indicate species–treatment variability. Two sample Mann-Whitney tests on medians in nonparametric analysis at 0.05 showed no significant differences (NS Median 5.3NS 4.3NS 6.0NS 6.0NS 6.5NS 6.5NS ©2008 International Society of Arboriculture
July 2008
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