166 DeGomez et al.: Protecting Cypress and Juniper from Bark Beetles These results may have economic consequences when se- lecting which insecticide to use given that the base cost of using these insecticides is highly variable. We estimate that ≈13 L (3.4 gal) of mixed insecticide would be used on indi- vidual cypress or one-seeded juniper trees. The cost of the insecticide to spray a tree would vary from $7.00 (U.S.) for the 2.0% carbaryl to $5.40 for the 0.06% bifenthrin and $1.80 for the 0.19% permethrin (with cellulose additive). The per- methrin was one-fourth the cost of the 2.0% carbaryl and one-third the cost of the 0.06% bifenthrin. We assume that other permethrin products without the cellulose additive, la- beled for bark beetle control, would have similar efficacy to the Permethrin Plus C that we tested for practically the same cost per tree. We caution against using insecticides that are not specifically labeled and formulated for protection against bark beetles because they will be ineffective and economi- cally disappointing. Acknowledgments. We thank the Northern Arizona University/ Arizona State Land Department Centennial Forest and the U.S. For- est Service for permitting this research on public lands. We are grateful to the following people who assisted during various phases of the project: Brad Blake, Vernon Bunker, T. Seth Davis, Kai DeGomez, Amanda Garcia, Leon Kie, Andrew Miller, Kate Murray, Michelle Shaffer, and Andrew Somerville. This research was sup- ported in part by the Western Bark Beetle Initiative (Participating Agreement 04-PA-11221615-160 between the Rocky Mountain Re- search Station [K.M.C.] and the University of Arizona [T.E.D.]); Gary Cramer, FMC, Philadelphia, PA; and Christy Davie, Univar, Kirkland, WA. Use or mention of a proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the University of Arizona or the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. LITERATURE CITED Analytical Software. 2000. Statistix 7 User’s Manual. Talla- hassee, FL. DeGomez, T.E., C.J. Hayes, J.A. Anhold, J.D. McMillin, K.M. Clancy, and P.P. Bosu. 2006. Evaluation of insec- ticides for protecting southwestern ponderosa pines from attack by engraver beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae). Journal of Economic Entomology 99: 393–400. Furniss, R.L., and V.M. Carolin. 1977. Western Forest In- sects. United States Department of Agriculture Miscella- neous Publication 1339, Washington, DC. Gibson, K.E. 1977. Results of a pilot study to test the efficacy of three insecticides in preventing attacks by mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine. United States Forest Ser- vice, Intermountain Regional Office Report 18 pp. Gibson, K.E., and D.D. Bennett. 1985. Carbaryl prevents attacks on lodgepole pine by the mountain pine beetle. Journal of Forestry 83:109–112. Hall, R.W., P.J. Shea, and M.I. Haverty. 1982. Effectiveness of carbaryl and chlorpyrifos for protecting ponderosa pine ©2007 International Society of Arboriculture from attack by the western pine beetle (Coleoptera: Sco- lytidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 75:504–508. Hastings, F.L., E.H. Holsten, P.J. Shea, and R.A. Werner. 2001. Carbaryl: A review of its use against bark beetles in coniferous forests of North America. Environmental En- tomology 30:803–810. Haverty, M.I., P.J. Shea, and R.W. Hall. 1985. Effective re- sidual life on carbaryl for protecting ponderosa pine from attack by the western pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 78:197–199. Haverty, M.I., P.J. Shea, J.J. Hoffman, J.M. Wenz, and K.E. Gibson. 1998. Effectiveness of esfenvalerate, cyfluthrin, and carbaryl in protecting individual lodgepole pines and pon- derosa pines from attack by Dendroctonus spp. Pacific Southwest Research Station Forest Service United States Department of Agriculture Research Paper PSW-RP-237. McCambridge, W.F. 1982. Field tests of insecticide to protect ponderosa pine from mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 75: 1080–1082. Shea, P.J., and M.D. McGregor. 1987. A new formulation and reduced rates of carbaryl for protecting lodgepole pine from mountain pine beetle attack. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 2:114–116. Shea, P.J., M.I. Haverty, and R.C. Hall. 1984. Effectiveness of fenitrothion, and permethrin for protecting ponderosa pine trees from attack by the western pine beetle. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 19:427–433. Smith, R.H., G.C. Trostle, and W.F. McCambridge. 1977. Protective spray tests on three species of bark beetle in western United States. Journal of Economic Entomology 70:119–125. Systat Software, Inc. 2004. SigmaStat 3.1 User’s Manual. Systat Software, Inc., Point Richmond, CA. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USDA Forest Service). 2005. Forest insect and disease conditions in the southwestern region, 2004. USDA Forest Service South- western Region R3-05-01. Werner, R.A., F.L. Hastings, E.H. Holsten, and A.S. Jones. 1986. Carbaryl and lindane protect white spruce (Picea glauca) from attack by spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) for three growing seasons. Journal of Economic Entomology 79:1121–1124. Wood, S.L. 1982. The Bark and Ambrosia Beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a Taxonomic Monograph. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6. Tom DeGomez (corresponding author) University of Arizona School of Natural Resources NAU Box 15018 Flagstaff, AZ 86011-0001, U.S.
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