302 were rarely more than 2 rows wide, suggesting edge and interior effects would be negligible. While there are multiple methods for measuring the DBH of multi-stemmed trees with different advantages and disadvantages (Magarik et al. 2020), we used the 6-largest-stems approach in order to be consistent with i-Tree protocol (United States Forest Service 2021). Since cohort age is based on the year the plant- ing projects started and we lack records of exactly when each tree was planted, cohort age may overesti- mate the amount of time a tree has been in its planting site. The accuracy of i-Tree estimates of ecosystem services are limited by the applicability of their allo- metric models to particular local conditions (Timilsina et al. 2017). Consequently, comparing estimates as ratios or percentages rather than absolute values is likely a more informative approach. CONCLUSION The highway ROW presents many challenges for planting and growing trees, but also great potential. We evaluated the current size of 3 planting cohorts along a highway in the Chicago metropolitan region to assess factors which could influence long-term tree growth. Our observations demonstrated that planting location within the ROW can impact tree size and consequently some of the ecosystem services pro- vided by those trees. However, the effects of planting location on tree size were inconsistent among tree species, and it is difficult to draw generalized recom- mendations about choosing planting sites within the ROW from the data. These results emphasize the point that highway ROWs are not a homogenous planting environment. Consequently, careful on-the- ground site assessments and soil restoration when needed should increase the likelihood of trees realiz- ing their full potential for growth along highways. LITERATURE CITED Akbar KF, Hale WHG, Šerá B, Ashraf I. 2012. Phytometric assessment of fertility of roadside soils and its relationship with major nutrients. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 21(5):1141-1145. http://www.pjoes.com/pdf-88850-22709 ?filename=22709.pdf Baldauf R. 2017. Roadside vegetation design characteristics that can improve local, near-road air quality. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 52(Part A):354-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.03.013 Barwise Y, Kumar P. 2020. Designing vegetation barriers for urban air pollution abatement: A practical review for appropriate plant species selection. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science. 3:1-19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-0115-3 ©2022 International Society of Arboriculture Salisbury et al: Long-Term Highway Tree Growth Bates D, Mächler M, Bolker B, Walker S. 2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Soft- ware. 67(1):1-48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01 Blomqvist G. 1998. Impact of de-icing salt on roadside vegeta- tion: A literature review. VTI Rapport. Stockholm (Sweden): Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute. 35 p. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:675169/ FULLTEXT01.pdf Bryselbout C, Henner P, Carsignol J, Lichtfouse É. 2000. Poly- cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in highway plants and soils. Evidence for a local distillation effect. Analusis. 28(4):290- 293. https://doi.org/10.1051/analusis:2000280290 Bryson GM, Barker AV. 2002. Sodium accumulation in soils and plants along Massachusetts roadsides. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 33(1-2):67-78. https://doi .org/10.1081/CSS-120002378 Calsyn DE. 1999. Soil survey of Du Page County, Illinois. Washington (DC, USA): United States Department of Agri- culture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 253 p. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/ illinois/IL043/0/Du_Page_IL.pdf Chen Y, Wang X, Jiang B, Wen Z, Yang N, Li L. 2017. Tree sur- vival and growth are impacted by increased surface tempera- ture on paved land. Landscape and Urban Planning. 162:68-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.02.001 De Lacy P, Shackleton CM. 2014. The comparative growth rates of indigenous street and garden trees in Grahamstown, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany. 92:94-96. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2014.02.007 Drew TJ, Flewelling JW. 1979. Stand density management: An alternative approach and its application to Douglas-fir planta- tions. Forest Science. 25(3):518-532. https://doi.org/10.1093/ forestscience/25.3.518 Eisenman TS, Flanders T, Harper RW, Hauer RJ, Lieberknecht K. 2021. Traits of a bloom: A nationwide survey of U.S. urban tree planting initiatives (TPIs). Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 61:127006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug .2021.127006 Fay L, Shi X. 2012. Environmental impacts of chemicals for snow and ice control: State of the knowledge. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 223:2751-2770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270 -011-1064-6 Forman RTT, Sperling D, Bissonette JA, Clevenger AP, Cutshall CD, Dale VH, Fahrig L, France RL, Goldman CR, Heanue K, Jones J, Swanson F, Turrentine T, Winter TC. 2002. Road ecology: Science and solutions. Illustrated Edition. Washing- ton (DC, USA): Island Press. 504 p. Hanson KD. 2004. Soil survey of Will County, Illinois. Washing- ton (DC, USA): United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 544 p. https:// www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/illinois/ IL197/0/will_IL.pdf Harrison GL. 2014. Economic impact of ecosystem services provided by ecologically sustainable roadside right of way vegetation management practices. Tallahassee (FL, USA): Florida Department of Transportation. FDOT Contract No: BDK75-977-74. 35 p. https://rightofway.erc.uic.edu/wp -content/uploads/2018/05/2A4-FDOT-ecosystem-services -roadsides-report.pdf
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