Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36(3): March 2010 with greater stem diameters than planting root collars slightly above soil grade (7.6 cm). The difference between the findings published here and other literature may be a result of differing propagation methods, nursery production, and/or species varia- tion. Currently the study authors are unable to definitively explain the variability in planting depth response for different tree spe- cies. Trees propagated vegetatively may respond differently than trees grown from seed due to inherent physiological differences. In addition, how trees are produced/transplanted (e.g., container production versus ball and burlap versus bare root), may also in- fluence the final response to planting depth (Watson and Himelick 2005; Day et al. 2009). Furthermore, plant species and cultivars within species can differ markedly in their response to environ- mental/cultural stresses. Each tree species originating from a spe- cific environment may represent an ecotype adapted to that partic- ular environment (Fitter and May 2002). Therefore, tree survival and performance may depend on the difference between the envi- ronment from which the tree was obtained and the experimental system/landscape site into which it was introduced. Baldcypress is naturally found on sites that frequently flood and thus may be less affected by hypoxia or anoxia than other species, perhaps explaining its tolerance to belowgrade planting on this sandy soil. Sycamore survival and growth was significantly affected by planting depth, but not by irrigation treatment. Planting the root collars 7.6 cm below grade resulted in 53% tree mortality by the end of the first year, while all trees planted with root collars at grade or 7.6 cm above grade survived. Planting the trees with root collars at grade or above grade in a sandy loam soil produced taller trees with larger trunk diameters compared to trees planted below grade. A lack of interaction for growth and survival among plant- ing depths and irrigation levels suggests that planting depth re- sponses in sycamore were due to factors other than soil moisture. Acknowledgments. This project was funded in part by Texas AgriLife Research (formerly the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station) and grants from the Tree Research & Edu- cation Endowment Fund, and the J. Frank Schmidt Family Charitable Trust. Mention of a trademark, proprietary product, or ven- dor does not constitute a guarantee or war- ranty of the product by the authors, Texas A&M University, or Texas AgriLife Research, and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that also may be suitable. LITERATURE CITED Arnold, M.A., G.V. McDonald, and D.L. Bryan. 2005. Planting depth and mulch thickness affect establishment of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and bougainvillea goldentree (Koelreuteria bipin- nata). Journal of Arboriculture 31:163–170. Arnold, M.A., G.V. McDonald, D.L. Bryan, G.C. Denny, W. Todd Watson, and L. Lombardini. 2007. Below-grade planting adversely affects survival and growth of tree species from five different fami- lies. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33:64–69. Bailey, L.H., and E.Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third: A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada. Barnes & Noble Books, New York. 1290 pp. Ball, J. 1999. Plant health care CEU series part VI: Tree planting: The foundation of PHC. Arborist News 8:53–58. 63 Broschat, T. 1995. Planting depth affects survival, root growth, and nu- trient content of transplanted pygmy date palms. HortScience 30: 1031–1032. Browne, C., and K. Tilt. 1992. Effects of planting depth on three ornamental trees. Southern Nursery Association Research Confer- ence 37:123–125. Day, S.D., G. Watson, E. Wiseman, and J.R. Harris. 2009. Causes and consequences of deep structural roots in urban trees: From nursery production to landscape establishment. Arboriculture & Urban For- estry 35:182–191. Davidson, G.R., B.C. Laine, S.J. Galicki, and S.T. Threlkeld. 2006. Root- zone hydrology: Why Baldcypress in flooded wetlands grow more when it rains. Tree-Ring Res. 62:3–12. Drilias, M.J., J.E. Kuntz, and G.I. Worf. 1982. Collar rot and basal canker of sugar maple. Journal of Arboriculture 8:29–33. Dumbroff, E.B., and D.P. Webb. 1978. Physiological characteristics of sugar maple and implications for successful planting. Forestry Chronicle 54:92–95. Elcan, J.M., and S.R. Pezeshki. 2002. Effects of flooding on susceptibil- ity of Taxodium distichum L. seedling to drought. Photosynthetica 40:177–182. Fitter, A.H., and R.K.M. Hay. 2002. Environmental Physiology of Plants. 3rd ed. Academic Press, London 367 pp. Gilman, E.F. 1990. Tree root growth and development I.: Form, spread, depth, and periodicity. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 8: 215–220. Gilman, E.F. 2004. Effects of amendments, soil additives, and irrigation on tree survival and growth. Journal of Arboriculture 30:301–310. Gilman, E.F, R.J. Black, and B. Dehgan. 1998. Irrigation volume and frequency and tree size affect establishment rate. Journal of Arbori- culture 24:1–9. Gilman, E.F., and J. Grabosky. 2004. Mulch and planting depth affect live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) establishment. Journal of Arboriculture 30:311–317. Gilman, E.F., J. Grabosky, A. Stodola, and M.D. Marshall. 2003. Irriga- tion and container type impact red maple (Acer rubrum L.) 5 years after landscape planting. Journal of Arboriculture 29:231–236. Harris, J.R., R. Smith, and J. Fanelli. 2001. Transplant timing affects first-season root growth of Turkish hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.). HortScience 36:805–807. Hoffman, W.A., and H. Poorter. 2002. Avoiding bias in calculations of relative growth rate. Annals of Botany 80:37–42. Jenkinson, J.L. 1980. Improving plantation establishment by optimizing growth capacity and planting time of western yellow pines. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Research PSW- 154:1–22. Kozlowski, T.T., and W.J. Davies. 1975. Control of water balance in transplanted trees. Journal of Arboriculture 1:1–10. Kozlowski T.T., and S.G. Pallardy. 1997. Growth Control in Woody Plants. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 641 pp. Kozlowski, T.T., and S.G. Pallardy. 2002. Acclimation and adaptive re- sponses of woody plants to environmental stresses. Botanical Review 68:270–334. Larson, M.M. 1984. Seasonal planting, root regeneration and water defi- cits of Austrian pine and arborvitae. Journal of Environmental Hor- ticulture 2:33–38. Liu, G., Z. Li, and M. Bao. 2007. Colchicine-induced chromosome doubling in Platanus acerifolia and its effect on plant morphology. Euphytica 157:145–154. ©2010 International Society of Arboriculture
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