70 Martínez-Trinidad et al.: Microbial Activity Under Live Oaks Soil respiration in response to exogenous carbohydrate applica- tions may indicate how carbon sources are a limiting factor for soil microorganisms (Schmidt et al. 2000). In this study, exogenous- ly-applied carbohydrates had differing effects on microbial activ- ity as measured through soil respiration. In general, soil amended with glucose had a rapid and short-lived increase in respiration. The starch effect lasted longer but with a lower effect, and 50:50 mixtures (glucose:starch) tend to have an extended but lower ef- fect caused by the influence of both types of carbohydrates at half rates. The results suggested that glucose and starch as soil amend- ments can be used as a way to modify short-term microbial activity in soils since the effect of carbohydrates on microbial activity only lasts until carbohydrates are metabolized by soil microorganisms. Acknowledgments. We thank Environmental Design, Inc., the Texas Forest Service and the USDA Forest Service for supporting this research. We would also like to thank the following people who contributed to this study: Lisbet Islas-Rodriguez, Russell Book, Dudley Bernard, and Alejandro Alarcon. LITERATURE CITED Anderson, J.P.E. 1982. Soil respiration. In: A.L. Page, R.H. Miller, and D.R. Keeney (Eds). Methods of soil analysis, Part 2, Chemical and Mi- crobiological Properties, p. 831–871. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. Arnold, M.A. 2008. Landscape plants for Texas and environs, third edi- tion. Stipes Publishing L.L.C., Champaign, IL. Bååth, E., and K. Arnebrant. 1994. Growth rate and response of bacterial communities to pH in limed and ash treated forest soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 26:995–1001. Cheshire, M.V. 1979. Nature and origin of carbohydrates in soils. Aca- demic Press. NY. Chidthaisong, A., and R. Conrad. 2000. Turnover of glucose and acetate coupled to reduction of nitrate, ferric iron and sulfate and to metha- nogenesis in anoxic rice field soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 31:73–86. Dassonville, F., J.J. Godon, P. Renault, A. Richaume, and P. Cambier. 2004. Microbial dynamics in an anaerobic soil slurry amended with glucose and their dependence on geochemical processes. Soil Biol- ogy & Biochemistry 36:1417–1430. Guggenberger G., E.T. Elliott, S.D. Frey, J. Six, and K. Paustian. 1999. Microbial contributions to the aggregation of a cultivated grassland soil amended with starch. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 31:407–419. Gupta, M.C. 1986. Population dynamics of Fusarium species in soil amended with carbonaceous and nitrogenous materials. Indian Phy- topatology 39:253–258. Harmer, R., and I. Alexander. 1986. The effect of starch amendment on nitrogen mineralization from the forest floor beneath a range of coni- fers. Forestry 59:39–46. Illeris, L., and S. Jonasson. 1999. Soil and plant CO2 emission in Figure 3. Respiration in soil samples amended with glucose (a), starch (b), and a 50:50 (glucose:starch) mixture (c) at 0, 40, 80, and 120 g/L under laboratory conditions (summer 2005). Asterisk (*) indicates significant differences compared to the control us- ing Dunnet’s test (P < 0.05). response to variations in soil moisture and temperature and to amend- ment with nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon in Northern Scandinavia. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 31(3):264–271. Ilstedt, U., A. Nordgren, and A. Malmer. 2000. Optimum soil water for soil respiration before and after amendment with glucose in humid tropical acrisols and a boreal mor layer. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32:1591–1599. ©2010 International Society of Arboriculture
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