234 McPherson: Selecting Reference Cities for i-Tree Streets Table 3. Raw values, difference values (Subject City minus Reference City, absolute values), and normalized values for Lisbon and six comparable U.S. reference cities. Criteria Tree match (%) Raw Value Normalized Value HDD (base 18°C) Raw Value Difference Value Normalized Value CDD (base 18°C) Raw Value Difference Value Normalized Value Annual Precip. (mm) Raw Value Difference Value Normalized Value 702 474 1,084 Lisbon Fort Collins 46.0 1.80 3,252 2,168 4.98 379 95 0.38 452 250 1.81 Minneapolis 68.5 0.63 4,354 3,270 7.51 383 91 0.37 622 80 0.58 Minneapolis, Minnesota, sits along the Mississippi Riv- er and has a humid continental climate. Winters can be very cold, with expected lows ranging from -29°C to -34°C. Sum- mer air masses moving north from the Gulf of Mexico can re- sult in hot, humid weather. Annual precipitation averages 747 mm, with nearly one-half falling in June, July, and August. Claremont, California, is located in the valley east of Los Ange- les and 70 km from the Pacific Ocean. The Mediterranean climate is warm during summer, when the average maximum temperature in August is 32°C and all-time highs reach 45°C. Mild winters are marked by occasional frost. The annual average precipita- tion is 432 mm. Winter months are wetter than summer months. Santa Monica, California, is located along the Pacific Ocean and adjacent to Los Angeles. It has a mild marine climate with mild winters and cool summers. Record low temperatures are above 0°C. In mid-summer, temperatures rarely exceed 30°C. Annual precipitation averages 338 mm and falls primarily from November through March. Because of its oceanside location, ozone concen- trations are usually lower in Santa Monica than they are inland. Modesto, California, is located in the Central Valley and has cool, damp winters and very warm, dry summers. A layer of ground fog is common during winter. Average January temperatures are a maximum 12°C, averaging 20 days with freezing temperatures (0°C) or lower. Average July temperatures are a maximum 34.6°C and on average there are 80 days with highs 32°C or higher. Average annual rainfall is 310 mm. Summer months are usually very dry. Charleston, South Carolina, is located along the Atlantic Ocean in the southeast U.S. It has a humid subtropical climate with mild win- ters and hot, humid summers. Winter is short and mild, with tempera- tures seldom dropping below freezing. Summer is the wettest season; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs during the summer months in the form of thundershowers. Annual rainfall averages 1,438 mm. Compiling Data Street trees were sampled throughout Lisbon and the popula- tion totalled 41,247, with a standard error of 6,312 (Soares 2006). European hackberry (Celtis australis) and basswood (Tilia spp.) are the most common street trees, each account- ing for 16% of the population, while black poui (Jacaran- da mimosifolia) account for 10% (Table 4). Other important species belong to the sycamore (Platanus), maple (Acer), and ©2010 International Society of Arboriculture Claremont 16.0 7.80 845 239 0.55 856 382 1.54 523 179 1.30 Santa Monica 2.3 9.77 644 440 1.01 310 164 0.66 570 132 0.96 Modesto 37.4 3.52 1,378 294 0.68 1,100 626 2.52 315 387 2.80 Charleston 2.1 9.79 1,171 87 0.20 1,183 709 2.85 1,555 853 6.17 Table 4. Street tree inventory results for Lisbon, Portugal. Botanical Name No. Celtis australis Tilia species Jacaranda mimosifolia Platanus species Acer negundo Tipuana tipu Fraxinus angustifolia Ligustrum lucidum Koelreuteria paniculata Populus × canadensis Cercis siliquastrum Populus nigra Brachychiton populneum Populus alba Aesculus hippocastanum Celtis occidentalis Melia azedarach Robinia pseudoacacia Prunus cerasifera Grevillea robusta Aesculus × carnea Catalpa bignonioides Prunus avium Other species Total trees 6,629 6,573 4,233 3,560 2,831 1,906 1,177 1,177 981 953 883 813 785 757 687 673 589 589 519 434 420 420 420 3,237 41,247 % Total 16.1 15.9 10.3 8.6 6.9 4.6 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.8 100 cottonwood (Populus) genera. Tree inventory data were as- sembled for each of the six reference cities (see Appendix). Lisbon has 1,084 HDDs and 474 CDDs with a base of 18°C (Energy Plus 2009) (Table 3). Average annual precipitation in Lisbon is 702 mm (World Climate 2010). Annual HDD, CDD, and precipitation data were compiled and shown as raw val- ues for each reference city. Differences between Lisbon and each reference city were tabulated as absolute values (Table 3). Tree Matching The species of trees measured to develop growth curves in each reference city inventory (from Appendix) were matched at the species and genus level with the most abundant street trees in Lis- bon’s population (from Table 4). To quantify the extent of tree matching in each reference city, the percentage (i.e., relative abundance expressed as percentage of the population) of match- ing taxon in each reference city were summed (Table 3).
September 2010
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