Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 44(2): March 2018 sualizations and summaries could help practitio- ners and communities actually apply and use the data. User accessibility therefore needs to be at the forefront of any efforts in data democratization. Second, civic science approaches emphasize the importance of engaging with diverse com- munities and empowering marginalized voices, yet public engagement in large-scale volun- teer urban tree planting and citizen science tree inventories has often been skewed toward lim- ited subsets of the urban population (Fisher et al. 2015; Johnson et al. this issue). Further research is needed to identify barriers to partici- pation among marginalized communities (Pan- dya 2012). Researchers and managers can also seek opportunities to create novel approaches that incorporate perspectives from diverse stake- holders, such as artists, youth, and indigenous populations into natural resources stewardship by building upon and strengthening relations of care and reciprocity (Kealiikanakaoleohaili- lani et al. in press; Silvera Seamens this issue). Third, new research should examine the vari- ous processes and institutional structures that link research to practice. Such research should identify mechanisms and feedback loops for translating studies into action, turning management needs into research priorities, and jointly posing truly transdisciplinary questions that integrate research and praxis at the outset. This could include assess- ments of how to effectively integrate researcher- practitioner dialogue and co-learning throughout the research process. This avenue of study would build on previous work about hybrid organiza- tions (Fisher and Svendsen 2014), knowledge- action networks (Muñoz-Erickson et al. 2014), varied structures of urban forest governance (Lawrence et al. 2013), and transdisciplinary knowledge production in social-ecological sys- tems (Lang et al. 2012; Johnson et al. in press). The civic-science studies and practitioner notes presented in this special issue demonstrate the critical need for further study of such topics to advance the management and science of urban forestry, recognizing the multifaceted and valuable roles that the public plays in steward- ing and studying urban trees and green spaces. 45 Acknowledgments. We thank all the presenters and participants at the May 2016 symposium, “Citizen Science & Urban Forestry: Research & Practice.” We are especially grateful to the scholars and professionals who joined us aſter the symposium for a workshop to discuss new directions for citizen science in urban forestry: G. Abrams, D. Boyer, D. Dentice, A. DiSalvo, J. Henning, J. Greenfeld, S. Lerman, S. Low, M. Maslin, J. Sanders, P. Silva, and A, Sorensen. Our discussion of future research needs in this paper builds on that workshop. We also appreciate the sponsors of the symposium: the USDA Forest Service Philadelphia Field Station, the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, and Azavea. Finally, we thank M. Kondo for comments on a previous draſt of this article, and J. Grabosky for encouraging us to organize this special issue. Supplemental Content. This issue of Arbori- culture & Urban Forestry contains a number of supplemental materials the editorial team was not able to include in the print version of the journal. This supplemental content is available for brows- ing on the website of the publisher, International Society of Arboriculture (www.isa-arbor.com). For additional guidance, or to obtain specific supple- mental content as an electronic file (.pdf), please contact ISA editorial (
[email protected]). LITERATURE CITED Armitage, D. 2005. Adaptive capacity and community-based natural resource management. Environmental Management 35:703–715. Armitage, D., F. Berkes, A. Dale, E. Kocho-Schellenberg, and E. Patton. 2011. Co-management and the co-production of knowl- edge: Learning to adapt in Canada’s Arctic. Global Environmen- tal Change 21:995–1004. Bäckstrand, K. 2003. Civic science for sustainability: Reframing the role of experts, policy-makers, and citizens in environmental governance. Global Environmental Politics 3:24–41. Berkes, F. 2009. Evolution of co-management: Role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning. Journal of Environmental Management 90:1692–1702. Bloniarz, D.V., and H.D.P. Ryan. 1996. The use of volunteer initia- tives in conducting urban forest resource inventories. Journal of Arboriculture 22:75–82. Bonney, R., C.B. Cooper, J. Dickinson, S. Kelling, T. Phillips, K.V. Rosenberg, and J. Shirk. 2009. Citizen science: A developing tool for expanding scientific knowledge and scientific literacy. BioScience 59:977–984. Burch, W., G.E. Machlis, and J.E. Force. 2017. The Structure and Dynamics of Human Ecosystems: Toward a Model for Under- standing and Action. Yale University Press, New Haven, Con- necticut, U.S. 312 pp. Campbell, J. 2015. NYC’s decennial street tree census will enter the digital age this year. The Village Voice, 30 April 2015. Accessed 10 November 2017.
Campbell, L.K. 2017. City of forests, city of farms: Sustainability planning for New York City’s nature. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, U.S. 290 pp. ©2018 International Society of Arboriculture
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