Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 44(2): March 2018 mentioned herein (e.g., gender, race, ethnic- ity) on individual likelihood of volunteering. CONCLUSION This study provides the current volunteer capac- ity in municipal forestry in the United States. Nearly two-thirds of people live in a community that involves volunteers. Many tree activities in- volve volunteers, with tree planting as the most common activity, while the more technically chal- lenging activities, such as tree removal, being less common. Developing an outreach pro- gram leads to more likely involvement of volun- teers in a community. The community ranking along an urban forest sustainability index was greater in communities that involved volunteers. Whether volunteers lead to a stronger program, whether stronger programs are more likely to include volunteers, or whether this relationship is ultimately a combination of factors, is not known from this study. Finally, the 0.345 million people who volunteered nearly 1.5 million hours of time equate to over 700 full-time staff. The volunteer hours reported in this study were consistent with data reported to the USDA-FS, lending confirma- tion of state U&CF reported data, or likewise con- firmation of this study’s findings. People tended to volunteer, on average, ten hours of time annually. Thus, it is unlikely that volunteers would be able to comprise the entire municipal forestry program. Rather, strong programs tend to involve volunteers. Researchers found that volunteers do not appear to be a substitute for municipal staff or contracted services; rather, they are an addition, typically evi- dent through a planned administrative structure (strategic plan and outreach). Volunteers might lead to increased municipal staff time needed to develop volunteer outreach and training within the urban forestry area. Finally, communities that spent more as reflected by per capita spending and bud- get adequacy were less likely to involve volunteers. 97 Acknowledgments. Funding for this project was provided by the TREE Fund, Wisconsin Arborist Association, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point (UWSP) College of Natural Resources, UWSP Office of Sponsored Research, USDA–Forest Service, and the USDA McIntire–Stennis Program. We also thank two anonymous review- ers for their comments that improved this paper. Finally, our thanks are extended to the Municipal Tree Care and Management in the United States project review team members: Julia Bartens, Car- rie Gallagher, Joe Gregory, Burney Fischer, Gary Johnson, Dana Karcher, Wes Kocher, Andrew Koeser, Ed Macie, Jack McCabe, Paul Ries, Phil Rodbell, Jim Skiera, Pete Smith, and Jess Vogt. LITERATURE CITED Austin, M.E. 2002. Partnership opportunities in neighborhood tree planting initiatives: Building from local knowledge. Journal of Arboriculture 28(4):178–186. Ball, J. 1986. Urban forestry and volunteer management. Journal of Arboriculture 12(7):182–184. Ball, J., S. Mason, A. Kiesz, D. McCormick, and C. Brown. 2007. Assessing the hazard of emerald ash borer and other exotic stressors to community forests. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33(5):350–359. Bloniarz, D.V., and H.D.P. Ryan III. 1996. The use of volunteer ini- tiatives in conducting urban forest resource inventories. Journal of Arboriculture 22(2):75–82. BLS. 2016. Volunteering in the United States—2015. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics News Release USDL-16-0363. Bruyere, B., and S. Rappe. 2007. Identifying the motivations of envi- ronmental volunteers. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 50(4):503–516. Chatio, S., and P. Akweongo. 2017. Retention and sustainability of community-based health volunteers’ activities: A qualitative study in rural Northern Ghana. PLoS ONE 12(3):e0174002. Clark, J.R., N.P. Matheny, G. Cross, and V. Wake. 1997. A model of urban forest sustainability. Journal of Arboriculture 23(1):17–30. Cochran C., and B. Greer. 2016. TreesCount! 2015: NYC’s Third Street-Tree Census. Accessed 03 July 2017. Conway, T.M. 2016. Tending their urban forest: Residents’ motiva- tions for tree planting and removal. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 17(1):23–32. Dillman, D.A., J.D. Smyth, and L.M. Christian. 2014. Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method, fourth edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc, Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S. 528 pp. Elmendorf, W. 2008. The importance of trees and nature in com- munity: A review of relative literature. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34(3):152–156. Fisher, D., E. Svendsen, and J. Connolly. 2015. Urban Stewardship and Civic Engagement: How planting Trees Strengthens the Roots of Democracy. Routledge Press, New York, New York, U.S. 131 pp. Galloway, A.W.E., M.T. Tudor, and W.M. Vander Haegen. 2006. The reliability of citizen science: A case study of Oregon white oak stand surveys. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(5):1425–1429. ©2018 International Society of Arboriculture
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