Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 42(5): September 2016 reduce the effect of testing on internal validity by also administering the monthly surveys to the control group so that all participants in the study experienced the same “tests” of watering behavior. CONCLUSION This study suggests that postcard reminders mailed weekly may be an effective way for municipal urban forestry programs to remind residents to water street trees using irrigation bags. However, it may take a few weeks for the postcards to have a sig- nificant impact, and that impact may diminish over time if the postcards become repetitive or if residents become irritated by the number of mail- ings. Managers and practitioners interested in rep- licating the outreach intervention featured in this study should expand the intervention to ensure that residents have a source of water near the trees that need to be watered, such as by providing hoses or buckets. Ensuring that residents have a way to water newly planted street trees may enhance the effectiveness of postcard reminders to water. Fu- ture outreach interventions can also include a so- cial component to encourage residents to remind each other to water their trees. Researchers inter- ested in isolating the impact of an outreach inter- vention on street tree watering behavior should conduct the study with a larger sample of trees and mailing addresses in order to have the statistical power necessary to determine the impact of the outreach intervention on participants’ behavior. Acknowledgments. This publication was supported by a Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Fellowship Assistance Agreement number 91746101 awarded by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It has not been formally reviewed by the EPA. The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the authors, and the EPA does not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in this publication. The Toward Sustainability Foundation provided addi- tional funding. Thanks to Delia Bolster and Diane Luebs at Cornell University for assistance with data collection and data analysis. Also thanks to the Human Dimensions Research Unit (Department of Natural Resources) at Cornell University for reviewing previous versions of this manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Arriagada, R.A., P.J. Ferraro, E.O. Sills, S.K. Pattanayak, and S. Cor- dero-Sancho. 2012. Do payments for environmental services affect forest cover? A farm-level evaluation from Costa Rica. Land Economics 88(2):382–399. Austin, M.E. 2002. Partnership opportunities in neighborhood tree planting initiatives: Building from local knowledge. Journal of Arboriculture 28(4):178–186. 315 Bloniarz, D.V., and H.D.P. Ryan. 1996. The use of volunteer initia- tives in conducting urban forest resource inventories. Journal of Arboriculture 22(2):75–82. Boyce, S.E. 2010. 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Cross, and V. Wake. 1997. A model of urban forest sustainability. Journal of Arboriculture 23(1):17–30. Dale, A., and S. Frank. 2014. The effects of urban warming on herbi- vore abundance and street tree condition. PLoS ONE 9(7). Denig, B.R. 2014. Ithaca’s Trees: Master Plan, Inventory and Arbo- ricultural Guidelines for the Public Trees of the City of Ithaca, New York. Driscoll, A., P. Ries, J. Tilt, and L. Ganio. 2015. Needs and barriers to expanding urban forestry programs: An assessment of community leaders and program managers in the Portland- Vancouver metropolitan region. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14(1):48–55. Dwyer, J.F., E.G. McPherson, H.W. Schroeder, and R.A. Rowntree. 1992. Assessing the benefits and costs of the urban forest. Journal of Arboriculture 18(5):227–227. Elmendorf, W. 2008. The importance of trees and nature in com- munity: A review of relative literature. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34(3):152–156. Ferrini, F., and A. Fini. 2011. Sustainable management techniques for trees in the urban areas. Journal of Biodiversity and Ecologi- cal Sciences 1(1). Gaskin, G.J., and J.D. Miller. 1996. Measurement of soil water con- tent using a simplified impedance measuring technique. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 63(2):153–59. Grado, S.C., D.L. Grebner, M.K. Measells, and A.L. Husak. 2006. Status, needs, and knowledge levels of Mississippi’s communities relative to urban forestry. Journal of Arboriculture 32(1): 24–32. Honey-Rosés, J., K. Baylis, and M.I. Ramírez. 2011. A spatially explicit estimate of avoided forest loss. Conservation Biology 25 (5):1032-43. Jack-Scott, E., M. Piana, B. Troxel, C. Murphy-Dunning, and M.S. Ashton. 2013. Stewardship success: How community group dynamics affect urban street tree survival and growth. Arbori- culture & Urban Forestry 39(4):189–196. Johnson, J.R., G.R. Johnson, M.H. McDonnough, L.L. Burban, and J.K. Monear. 2010. Tree Owner’s Manual. 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