Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 42(5): September 2016 ation will be required to determine if the plants may be successfully lined-out. Exploration of transplantation using softwood cuttings may also prove beneficial and be worthy of formal study. These results on balance suggest that T. chinensis is worthy of serious consideration as a replacement for T. canadensis in landscapes in the northeastern U.S. The growth form of T. chinensis shares similar- ities to that of T. canadensis (Figure 3; Figure 4) as evidenced by the fact that 28% of study participants comparing the aesthetic properties of T. chinensis to T. canadensis could not distinguish between the two species (Dampier et al. 2015). Also, the subtle differences between the species (i.e., the larger and deeper green, glossier needles of T. chinensis) do not make the plant less attractive as a landscape selection than T. canadensis when comparing con- sumer purchase preferences (Dampier et al. 2015). The ability of T. chinensis to resist HWA and dem- onstrate no deleterious effects associated with the presence of EHS is an even more compelling rea- son to consider T. chinensis as a replacement for T. canadensis. Although further research questions should be addressed concerning this species (e.g., How does it respond to shearing? Is it resistant to deer herbivory? How does it respond to trans- plantation?), the added benefit of the potential ease of propagating T. chinensis from hardwood cuttings, which are oſten more difficult to estab- lish than soſtwood cuttings, bodes well for prop- agators wishing to establish trade in T. chinensis. Acknowledgments. The authors wish to thank the following indi- viduals and organizations: Lora Schwartzberg; Jack Alexander (Arnold Arboretum at Harvard University); Chris Joyner and Jeff Anderson (CNS Greenhouses at UMass); John Kinchla (Amherst Nurseries); Stephen DeStefano, Ph.D. (USGS, UMass Amherst); Michael Davidsohn, MLA (UMass Amherst); Brendan Murphy (Watershed Agricultural Council, Yorktown, New York, U.S.); Westchester County Department of Parks, Recreation, and Con- servation, including Ted Kozlowski and the entire staff at Lasdon Arboretum. LITERATURE CITED Alberty, C.A., H.M. Pellet, and D.H. Taylor. 1984. Characteriza- tion of soil compaction at construction sites and woody plant response. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 2(2):48–53. Anonymous. 2008. Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana). Vir- ginia Natural Heritage Fact Sheet. Accessed 27 January 2015. Anonymous. 2013. Lasdon Park, Arboretum & Veterans Museum. Accessed 10 December 2013. 353 Anonymous. 2014. Landscape Plants: Images, Identification, and Information. Volume 3. Oregon State University. Accessed 31 October 2014. Bentz, S.E., L.G.H. Riedel, M.R. Pooler, and A.M. Townsend. 2002. Hybridization and self-compatibility in controlled pollinations of eastern North American and Asian hemlock (Tsuga) species. Journal of Arboriculture 28:200–205. Black, R.A., and R.N. Mack. 1976. Tsuga canadensis in Ohio: Synecological and phytogeographical relationships. Vegetatio 32:11–19. Bryant, J.P., R.K. Swihart, P.B. Reichardt, and L. Newton. 1994. Biogeography of woody plant chemical defense against snow- shoe hare browsing: Comparison of Alaska and eastern North America. Oikos 70:385–395. Coladonato, M. 1993. Tsuga caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Informa- tion System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Accessed 30 October 2014. Dampier, J.E.E., R.W. Harper, L. Schwartzberg, and R.H. Lemelin. 2015. Comparison of Arborists’ and Horticulturists’ preferences of Tsuga chinensis to T. canadensis in the urban landscape. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 41(1):41–48. Del Tredici, P. 1985. Propagation of Tsuga canadensis cultivars: Hardwood versus soſtwood cuttings. Proceedings of the Inter- national Plant Propagators’ Society 35:565–569. Del Tredici, P., and A. Kitajima. 2004. Introduction and cultivation of Chinese hemlock (Tsuga chinensis) and its resistance to hem- lock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). Journal of Arboriculture 20:282–287. Dirr, M.A. 2011. Encyclopedia of Trees and Shrubs. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon, U.S. 951 pp. Doran, W.L. 1952. The vegetative propagation of hemlock. Journal of Forestry 50:126–129. Dreistadt, S.H. 2004. Pests of landscape trees and shrubs: An in- tegrated pest management guide. Integrated Pest Management Program, University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 210 pp. Farrar, J.L. 1995. Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, U.S. 502 pp. Godman, R.M., and K. Lancaster. 1990. Tsuga canadensis. In: R.M. Burns and B.H. Honkala (Eds.). Silvics of North America: Vol- ume 1. Agricultural Handbook 654. USDA, Forest Service, Washington, D.C. Harper, R.W., and R.S. Cowles. 2013. Susceptibility of Chinese hemlock (Tsuga chinensis) to injury from autumn horticultural oil applications. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 39(1):6–10. Harris, R.W., J.R. Clark, and N.P. Matheny. 2004. Arboriculture: Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Vines (fourth edition). Prentice Hall, New Jersey, U.S. 592 pp. Havill, N.P., and M.E. Montgomery. 2008. The role of arboreta in studying the evolution of host resistance to the hemlock woolly adelgid. Arnoldia 65:2–9. Hoover, B.K., R.M. Bates, J.C. Sellmer, and G.A. Hoover. 2009. Challenging Chinese hemlock (Tsuga chinensis) with hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) ovisacs. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35(1):1–4. Jetton, R.M., J. Frampton, and F.P. Hain. 2005. Vegetative propaga- tion of mature eastern and Carolina hemlocks by soſtwood cut- tings. HortScience 40:1469–1473. ©2016 International Society of Arboriculture
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