Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 42(5): September 2016 Jaffe, M.J., and S. Forbes. 1993. Thigmomorphogenesis: The effect of mechanical perturbation on plants. Plant Growth Regulation 12:313–324. Jungnikl, K., J. Goebbels, I. Burgert, and P. Fratzl. 2009. The role of material properties for the mechanical adaptation at branch junctions. Trees: Structure and Function 23:605–610. Kane, B., R. Farrell, S.M. Zedaker, J.R. Loferski, and D.W. Smith. 2008. Failure mode and prediction of the strength of branch attachments. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34:308–316. Lev-Yadun, S., and R. Aloni. 1990. Vascular differentiation in branch junctions of trees: Circular patterns and functional sig- nificance. Trees: Structure and Function 4:49–54. Lonsdale, D. 1999. The Principles of Tree Hazard Assessment and Management. TSO, London, UK. Mattheck, C., and W. Linnard. 1998. Design in Nature. Springer, Berlin, Germany. Monshausen, G.B., and E.S. Haswell. 2013. A force of nature: Molecular mechanisms of mechanoperception in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 64:4663–80. Philipson, W., J.M. Ward, and B.G. Butterfield. 1971. The vascular cambium: Its development and activity. Chapman & Hall Ltd., London, UK. Pruyn, M.L., B.J. Ewers III, and F.W. Telewski. 2000. Thigmomor- phogenesis: Changes in the morphology and mechanical prop- erties of two Populus hybrids in response to mechanical pertur- bation. Tree Physiology 20:535–540. Shigo, A.L. 1991. Modern Arboriculture. Shigo and Trees Associ- ates, Durham, New Hampshire, U.S. Slater, D., and A.R. Ennos. 2013. Determining the mechanical prop- erties of hazel forks by testing their component parts. Trees: Structure and Function 27(6):1515–1524. Slater, D., and A.R. Ennos. 2015. The level of occlusion of included bark affects the strength of bifurcations in hazel (Corylus avel- lana L.). Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 41(4):194–207. Slater, D., R.S. Bradley, P.J. Withers, and A.R. Ennos. 2014. The anatomy and grain pattern in forks of hazel (Corylus avel- lana L.) and other tree species. Trees: Structure and Function 28(5):1437–1448. Smiley, E.T., C.M. Greco, and J.G. Williams. 2000. Brace rods for co-dominant stems: Installation location and breaking strength. Journal of Arboriculture 26:170–176. Steucek, G.L., and R.M. Kellogg. 1972. The influence of a stem discontinuity on xylem development in Norway spruce (Picea abies). Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2:217–222. Telewski, F.W. 2006. A unified hypothesis of mechanoperception in plants. American Journal of Botany 93:1466–76. Telewski, F.W. 2012. Is windswept tree growth negative thigmotro- pism? Plant Science 184:20–28. Vincent, J. 2012. Structural Biomaterials, third edition, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, U.S. Whitehead, F.H. 1963. Experimental studies of the effect of wind on plant growth and anatomy. New Phytologist 62:80–85. Duncan Slater (corresponding author) Senior Lecturer of Arboriculture Myerscough College St. Michael’s Road Bilsborrow, Preston, England PR3 0RY
[email protected] phone: +44 1995 642304 A. Roland Ennos Professor School of Biological, Biomedical, and Environmental Sciences University of Hull Cottingham Road Kingston-upon-Hull, England HU6 7RX 369 ©2016 International Society of Arboriculture
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