Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34(6): November 2008 the management and planning of greenspace and urban ecosys- tem functions. Similarly, the ability to describe changes and threats to the urban forest are integrally linked to successful pest and disease management efforts. Recent outbreaks of emerald ash borer and Asian longhorned beetle are examples of how managers needed to have information about not only extent and condition, but also volume of wood affected. Tree removal and wood use efforts can be more precise and efficient when extent, volume, condition, and composition of the urban forest is known. State and federal resource managers continue to hone the al- location of limited resources (money and staff) and target prior- ity areas to sustain the urban forest resource. Long-term, large- scale data on urban forests will enable agencies to incorporate these important forests into their current planning and prioriti- zation processes and provide information and resources to help sustain urban forest health at the local to national scale. Acknowledgments. We thank the following groups for their continued support: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service–Forest Health Monitoring Program, Forest Inventory and Analysis Program, Urban and Community Forestry Program, the Northeastern Area and the North- ern Research Station; Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; and Lumberjack RC&D. Two anonymous reviewers offered helpful sugges- tions to earlier versions of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Bechtold, W.A., and P.L. Patterson (Eds.). 2005. The Enhanced Forest Inventory and Analysis Program—National Sampling Design and Estimation Procedures. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-80. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC. 85 pp. Conkling, B.L., and G.E. Byers (Eds.). 1992. Forest Health Monitoring Field Methods Guide. Internal Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV. Cumming, A.B., D.J. Nowak, D.B. Twardus, R. Hoehn, M. Mielke, and R. Rideout. 2007. Urban Forests of Wisconsin: Pilot Monitoring Project, 2002. USDA Forest Service. NA-FR-00-07. LaBau, V.J., J.T. Bones, N.P. Kingsley, H.G. Lund, and W.B. Smith. 2007. A History of the Forest Survey in the United States: 1830–2004. FS-877. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. 82 pp. Nowak, D.J. 2006. Institutionalizing urban forestry as a means to im- prove environmental quality. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 5:93–100. Nowak, D.J., and D.E. Crane. 2000. The urban forest effects (UFORE) model: Quantifying urban forest structure and functions, p. 714–720. In: Hansen M., and T. Burk (Eds.). Integrated Tools for Natural Resources Inventories in the 21st Century. Proceedings of the IUFRO Conference, 16–20 August 1998, Boise, ID. General Technical Re- port NC-212. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, St. Paul, MN. ———. 2002. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987) 116:381–389. Nowak, D.J., D.E. Crane, and J.F. Dwyer. 2002. Compensatory value of urban trees in the United States. Journal of Arboriculture 28:194–199. Nowak, D.J., D.E. Crane, and J.C. Stevens. 2006. Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 4:115–123. Nowak, D.J., R. Hoehn, D.E. Crane, J.C. Stevens, and J.T. Walton. 2006a. Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values: Minneapolis’ Urban Forest. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Resource Bulletin, NE-166. 20 pp. ———. 2006b. Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values: Washing- ton, DC’s Urban Forest. USDA Forest Service, Northern Resource Bulletin NRS-1. Newtown Square, PA. 24 pp. 345 ———. 2006c. Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values: Casper, WY’s Urban Forest. USDA Forest Service, Northern Resource Bul- letin NRS-4. Newtown Square, PA. 20 pp. ———. 2007a. Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values: Philadel- phia’s Urban Forest. USDA Forest Service, Northern Resource Bul- letin NRS-7. Newtown Square, PA. 24 pp. ———. 2007b. Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values: New York City’s Urban Forest. USDA Forest Service, Northern Resource Bul- letin NRS-9. Newtown Square, PA. 24 pp. Nowak, D.J., J. Pasek, R. Sequeira, D.E. Crane, and V. Mastro. 2001. Potential effect of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Ceramby- cidae) on urban trees in the United States. Journal of Economic Entomology 94:116–122. Nowak, D.J., D.B. Twardus, R. Hoehn, M. Mielke, W. Smith, J.T. Walton, D.E. Crane, A.B. Cumming, and J.C. Stevens. 2004. Urban forest health monitoring in the United States, p. 181–187. In: Aguirre-Bravo, C., P.J. Pellicane, D.P. Burns, and S. Draggan (Eds.). 2006. Monitoring Science and Technology Symposium: Unifying Knowledge for Sustainability in the Western Hemisphere. 20–24 September 2004, Denver, CO. Proceedings RMRS-P-42CD. U.S. De- partment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 990 pp. U.S. Census Bureau. 2002. Differences between the 1990 census and Census 2000 urbaninzed area criteria. www.census.gov/geo/www/ua/ uac2k_90.html (accessed 5/9/08). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2002. Forest Inventory and Analysis National Core Field Guide, Volume 1: Field Data Col- lection and Procedures for Phase 2 Plots, Version 1.6. U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington Office. Internal re- port. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis, Arlington, VA. ———. 2003. USFS Forest Inventory and Analysis National Core Field Guide, Volume I: Field Data Collection Procedures for Phase 2 Plots, Version 1.7. 201 pp. U.S. EPA. 2006. Incorporating emerging and voluntary measures in a state implementation plan (SIP). Air Quality Strategies and Standards Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. www. epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1/memoranda/evm_ievm_g.pdf (accessed 4/06). Anne Buckelew Cumming (corresponding author) Forester USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area 180 Canfield Street Morgantown, WV 26505, U.S.
[email protected] Daniel B. Twardus Forest Health Group Leader USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area 180 Canfield Street Morgantown, WV 26505, U.S.
[email protected] David J. Nowak, PhD Research Forester/Project Leader USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station 5 Moon Library State University of New York, College Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S.
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