Journal of Arboriculture 31(2): March 2005 93 The surveyed community had many poor-quality trees with multiple hazardous conditions. This dramatically slowed progress in some areas. The community was chosen because it was thought that the town’s tree population would have enough hazard trees to effectively test the project’s windshield survey, unfortunately the community had even more than anticipated. A windshield survey of a community that continuously maintains their trees will progress much faster. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that hazardous conditions can be discovered using a windshield survey in the community studied. For this study, minimal training was conducted for the drivers and inspector, and some of the missed hazard- ous tree conditions presumably would have been discov- ered with more practice and experience. The proper training of drivers is needed to ensure that trees are not passed without examination. The main factor in deciding when and where to use the windshield survey is efficiency. These following conditions can assist in determining when it is appropriate to use windshield surveys. The windshield survey worked well in low-traffic areas. In high-traffic, areas the drivers and surveyor became concerned about the traffic. This caused some disruptions of the survey. In high-traffic areas, walking or using other means, such as a bicycle to move from tree to tree, would be advisable. Another consideration is the degree of maintenance the trees receive and their average condition. Some of the roads in South Kingstown had many trees in poor shape and with many hazardous conditions. This dramatically slowed the survey. If the trees are not well maintained, a thorough inventory may be the best choice. If the trees are reasonably maintained, the windshield survey could be used just to locate quickly developing hazardous conditions such as hanging branches or recent storm damage, or for an annual update of streetside conditions. LITERATURE CITED Grey, G.W., and F.J. Deneke. 1978. Urban Forestry. John Wiley. New York, NY. Lilly, S.J. 2001. Arborists’ Certification Study Guide. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. Kane, B., H.D.P Ryan III, and D.V. Bloniarz. 2001. Prioritizing risk trees in a community. Tree Care Industry 12(7):45–51. Pokorny, J.D. 2003. Urban Tree Risk Management: A Community Guide to Program Design and Implementation. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area, St. Paul, MN. www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/uf/utrmm (accessed 2/1/05). ©2005 International Society of Arboriculture Sandfort, S., 2001. A Common Sense Approach to Street Tree Inventories. Tree Care Industry 12(9):41–42, 44, 46, 49. Smiley, E.T., and B.R. Fraedrich. 1991. Hazardous Tree Evaluation and Management. The Bartlett Tree Expert Company, Charlotte, NC. National Park Service. 1991. Hazard Tree Guidelines. Natural Resources Management Guideline No. NPS-77. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Natural Resources Office. www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/ hazard.nps.htm (accessed 2/1/05). Acknowledgments. This project was partially funded through a John Z. Duling grant from the TREE Fund. The authors acknowledge the helpful comments from three anonymous reviewers. 1* Arborist The Narragansett Electric Company/A National Grid Company 280 Melrose Street Providence, RI 02807, U.S. 2 Amherst, MA 01003, U.S. 3 Professor of Arboriculture and Community Forestry University of Massachusetts at Amherst Holdsworth NRC Urban Forester USDA Forest Service Northeast Center for Urban and Community Forestry Holdsworth NRC Amherst, MA 01003, U.S. 4 Amherst, MA 01003, U.S. * Corresponding author. MAA Professor of Commercial Arboriculture University of Massachusetts at Amherst Holdsworth NRC
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